Anesthesia Techniques
Spinal Anesthesia
- Definition: Injection of small amounts (2-3 ml) of local anesthetics into the CSF at the level below L2, achieving anesthesia of the lower body part below the umbilicus.
- Indications: Operations below the umbilicus, such as hernia repairs, gynecological, urological operations, orthopedics, or any operation on the perineum or genitalia.
Contraindications
- Refusal
- Infection
- Coagulopathy & anticoagulated patients
- Severe hypovolemia
- Increased intracranial pressure
- Severe aortic or mitral stenosis
Techniques
- Midline Approach: Involves passing through skin, subcutaneous tissue, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, epidural space, dura mater, and arachnoid mater.
- Paramedian or Lateral Approach: Similar to midline excluding supraspinous & interspinous ligaments.
