(cc Table)

Slow rate (bradycardia, < 60 bpm)

  • Sleep
  • Athletic training
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Medication:
  • Beta-blockers
  • Digoxin
  • Verapamil, diltiazem

Fast rate (tachycardia, > 100 bpm)

  • Exercise
  • Pain
  • Excitement/anxiety
  • Fever
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Medication:
  • Sympathomimetics,
  • e.g. salbutamol Vasodilators

Atrial fibrillation

  • Hypertension
  • • Heart failure
  • • Myocardial infarction
  • • Thyrotoxicosis
  • • Alcohol-related heart disease
  • • Mitral valve disease
  • • Infection, e.g. respiratory, urinary
  • • Post cardiothoracic surgery