IM
PATHOGENS CAUSING CYSTITIS
- E.Coli : Most common cause.
- Proteus(12%) Klebsiella (4%), Pseudomonas
- Staph. Saprophyticus(10%)
- Normal flora of the female genital tract but can cause UTI also
- Candida Albicans (fungus): Causes UTI if immunity is low.
S/S OF CYSTITIS
- Dysuria, increased frequency, nocturia
- Suprapubic pain & tenderness
- Cloudy & very foul urine smell
- Fever uncommon in young patients
- In children ---⇒ fever more common
S/S IN OLD PATIENTS
- Typical signs & symptoms often absent
- Common S/S are:
- Confusion, drowsy
- Change in behavior, irritable
- Not feeling well, anorexia, weakness
- Incontinence
(any infection in old people can present with the above symptoms)
FM
The Risk Factors For Acute Cystitis In Female
- Short urethra
- Age
- Sexual activity
- Pregnancy
- Contraceptive pills
- Diabetes mellitus
- Poor hygiene
- Wipe from back to front
Acute Cystitis
- Acute inflammatory signs are present in the inner lining of the bladder, which becomes red, congested, and swollen.
- It’s most commonly caused by E. coli (75-95%).
- It can also be caused by Proteus, Klebsiella, but less common.
- Women have a higher incidence of infection.
Cystitis: Signs and Symptoms
- Suprapubic pain
- Dysuria
- Hesitancy
- Urinary frequency and urgency
Uncomplicated (Simple) Cystitis
- Healthy, non-pregnant women without functional or anatomical urinary tract abnormalities.
- No fever, nausea, vomiting, or flank pain.
Complicated Cystitis
- Infections in patients with functional or structural abnormalities that reduce the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy.
- If in male patients or in pregnant women, also considered as complicated.
- If the kidney was involved (pyelonephritis).
bladder infection. Occurs when the Bladder which is normally sterile (microbe free) become infected by bacteria hesitancy - difficulty in beginning of urination frequency, is the need to urinate more often than usual. Urgency is a symptom where you get a sudden urgent desire to pass urine.
Table 1: Approximate Frequency (%)
| Pathogen | Frequency (%) |
|---|---|
| E. coli and other ‘coliforms’ | 68% |
| Proteus mirabilis | 12% |
| Staph saprophyticus | 10% |
| Enterococcus faecalis | 6% |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | 4% |
Honeymoon Cystitis
- It’s a term for UTI that often occurs after sexual activity.
- Sexual activity can push infecting bacteria into the urethra, resulting in an infection.
- Women with a diaphragm placed for birth control are at a higher risk for UTIs.
Complicated UTI
- Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
- Pregnancy
- Kidney transplant
- Stones
- Anatomic abnormality
- Catheterization
- Recent antibiotics
- Recent hospitalization
- UTI in males