MORPHINE
Pharmacokinetics
- 90% a given dose is excreted in the urine; the remaining 10% is excreted in the feces.
Pharmacologic effects
CNS effects:
- Dose-related analgesia.
- patients taking morphine become euphoric (feel freedom for anxiety).
- Morphine can treat all types of pain except itching.
- Morphine produces meiosis by stimulating the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and pinpoint pupils are indicative of toxic dosage prior to asphyxia.
- Morphine is a powerful respiratory depressant.
Autonomic effects: Cardiovascular effects: Histamine release: Spasmogenic effects: Uses: 3As
Adverse effects
CNS:Z
- Dysphoria, restlessness, hyperactivity and mental cloudiness can occur
- Long-term chronic administration can result in physical dependence.
- Increased intracranial tension.
- Tolerance and dependence:
- Physical dependence occurs within 24 hours if given /4 hours.
Respiratory: Depression is the most important effect and is dose dependent. Bronchoconstrictive action Gastrointestinal: Nausea and constipation. Genitourinary: Urine retention. Allergic reactions: can occur and skin rashes are a common manifestation (due to histamine release).
Eye: Pinpoint pupils are a consistent finding in addiction.
CVS: Postural hypotension